Friday, September 11, 2015

Methodius of Olympus (Full Script)

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Methodius of Olympus
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Methodius wrote around AD 290.  He was an overseer in Olympus in Asia Minor, modern-day Cirali, Turkey.  Later he was overseer in Tyre.  Methodius died a martyr under the persecutions of Emperor Maximinus Daia around AD 311.

WORKS

Methodius is known for having strongly disagreed with some of the teachings of Origen.

Victorinus of Pettau (Full Script)

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Victorinus of Pettau
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Victorinus lived in Pettau, modern-day Ptuj, Slovenia around AD 280.

LIFE
He was martyred during the persecutions under Emperor Diocletian.

WORKS

Victorinus wrote commentaries on at least nine books of the Bible, but the only work that has survived in its entirety is his work on Revelation.  He was the first to see a repetitious pattern in Revelation.  He believed that each pattern, or cycle, runs parallel to the other.  That is, Revelation tells the same story seven times with increasing degrees of intensity.

Friday, September 4, 2015

Archelaus of Cashar (Full Script)

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Archelaus of Caschar
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Archelaus was an overseer in Caschar in Roman Mesopotamia around AD 277.  The location of this ancient city has been lost.

WORK

His work, The Disputation of Archelaus with the Heretic Manes, is a record of the debate between Mani and himself.  Mani was a Persian philosopher and founder of Manichaeism.  Manichaeism was a religion that was a mixture of Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Gnosticism.

Anatolius of Laodicea (Full Script)

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Anatolius of Laodicea
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Anatolius of Laodicea wrote around AD 270 and was an overseer in Syrian Laodicea, modern-day Latakia, Syria.

LIFE
Anatolius was born and raised in Alexandria.  He was extremely knowledgeable about many things such as the teachings of Aristotle, geometry, astrology, and math.

When Zenobia, queen of the Palmyrene Empire besieged a section of Alexandria and when many people in the city were dying from the famine, Anatolius persuaded the Romans to allow many people to defect and join them in the Roman section of Alexandria as refugees.  Through this, Anatolius gained great honor among the people because he helped many Christians and non-Christians escape starvation.

WORKS

Among his writings that have survived is a work about when to celebrate Pascha, that is, Christ's resurrection.  We also have a portion of his book about mathematics.

Friday, August 28, 2015

Dionysius of Alexandria (Full Script)

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Dionysius of Alexandria
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Dionysius of Alexandria was an overseer in Alexandria, Egypt around AD 260.

LIFE
Dionysus was born into a wealthy pagan family.  He was converted at an older age and was a student of Origen.  Origen's student Heraclas took over the catechetical school after him.  Dionysius took over the school after Heraclas and taught in that role for 15 years.

When the severe persecutions under Emperor Decius broke out, Dionysus was arrested.  But before he was to be killed, a group of Christians freed him and he fled from Alexandria.

WORKS
Most of his works were letters he wrote to other Christians throughout the Roman Empire.

About the nature of God, Dionysius wrote,

There certainly was not a time when God was not the Father.  Indeed, neither... did God afterwards beget the Son because the Son has existence not from Himself but from the Father....  God is the eternal Light, which has neither had a beginning, nor will ever fail.  Therefore the eternal Brightness [Son] shines forth before Him [Father] and co-exists with Him [Father], in that, existing without a beginning and always begotten, He [Son] always shines before Him [Father]....  Therefore, since the Father is eternal, the Son also is eternal, Light of Light....  Then, since God is the Light, Christ is the Brightness.  (Dionysius of Alexandria.  AD 260.  ANF, vol 6, page 92.)

Friday, August 21, 2015

Treatise on Re-Baptism (Full Script)

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Treatise on Re-Baptism
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
The Treatise on Re-Baptism was written around AD 257.  The author is unknown.

WORK
This work discusses a debate in the middle third century about what to do about those who were baptized by heretics but were still baptized in the name of Jesus Christ.  In other words, there appears to be many cases where heretics, perhaps including the Gnostics, who baptized their converts in the name of Jesus Christ.  Once these people realized their error in joining a heretical group, they wanted to come to the Universal Church in repentance.  The question the Church had was whether or not to accept their baptism in the name of Jesus Christ or to baptize them according to the Universal Church.

Very analytically, the author goes through some key Scriptures as well as some realistic situations to make his argument.  Unlike his contemporaries, Cyprian and Dionysius of Alexandria, the author takes a more accepting stance on the baptism of heretics, as long as the baptism was in good faith.  His work goes into much detail.

He wrote,

When he should be baptized--he on whom invocation should be made in the name of Jesus--although he might obtain baptism under some error, [he] still would not be hindered from knowing the truth at some time or another.  [When] correcting his error, coming to the Church and to the bishop, and sincerely confessing our Jesus before men, so that... when hands were laid upon him by the bishop, he might also receive the Holy Spirit, and he would not lose that former invocation of the name of Jesus.  (Treatise on Re-Baptism.  AD 257.  ANF, vol 5, page 670.)

In his work, he addresses questions such as: what if a person dies (specifically martyred) after they believe but before they are baptized or receive the Holy Spirit?  What kind of importance should the Church place in the laying on of the bishops' hands in order to receive the Holy Spirit?

To make his arguments, he isn't afraid to refer to various examples from Scripture such as the baptisms of the Apostles on Pentecost, of Cornelius' family, and of the Ethiopian eunuch.

QUOTATIONS
The writer also wrote,

The Spirit, indeed, continues to this day invisible to men, as the Lord says, "The Spirit breathes where He will; and you do not know from where He comes or to where He goes."*  (Treatise on Re-Baptism.  AD 257.  ANF, vol 5, page 677.)
* John 3:8.

...That hearts are purified by faith, but that souls are washed by the Spirit; further, also, that bodies are washed by the water, and moreover that by blood [in martyrdom] we may more readily attain at once the rewards of salvation.  (Treatise on Re-Baptism.  AD 257.  ANF, vol 5, page 677.)


Friday, July 3, 2015

Post-Apostolic Church's Biannual Update 2015



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Biannual Update 2015
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
On this day, two years ago, I posted an introduction video to this channel.  It gave six very good reasons why it is beneficial to study the writings of the early Christians.  If you have not seen the introduction video, please do!  Click this video or the link in the description.

I felt that this is a good time for a video update for all my subscribers, both through Youtube and through email.  I want to talk about how far this channel has come, what is in store for the future, and also get a little personal.  In advance, thank you for listening to this update.

HISTORY
Subscribers
Over the last two years, this channel has gained 542 Youtube subscribers.  And even though there is some overlap as some have subscribed both ways, this channel has also gained 70 subscribers by email.  You might ask, "What is the difference?"  Well, Youtube has an algorithm that gives some subscriptions more importance than others—based on various criteria.  Because of this, it is possible for Youtube subscribers to miss seeing it when I post a new video.  On the other hand, email is more reliable, that is, those who subscribe by email will certainly be notified when a new video is posted.

To all 612 subscribers who have decided that early Christianity is worth learning about: thank you for your support!  I am very surprised and pleased to see how this channel has been received.  And I am very encouraged by your comments and emails.  I sincerely thank you!

Videos
Over the last two years, I've posted 35 videos with 26,590 total views.  That is an average of 1 video every 3 weeks.  The rate at which I post videos has been far less frequent than I would like, especially during the first year.  There are a few reasons why videos come slowly.

I have other commitments besides sharing the faith and history of early Christianity.  For example, I have a full-time secular career in Technology Information Systems.  My wife and I have four sons, all under the age of seven.  And as a member of my local congregation, I teach Bible classes and serve in a few ministries.  Lastly, for me to make these videos as accurate as I can, it requires a lot of research to complete a video.

I love working on this channel and all the research that goes with it.  I feel that God has given me this ministry as part of my purpose here on earth.  Please be patient with me as I work hard to share the faith and history of early Christianity on the Internet.  I ask that you pray that this channel will progress quickly and these topics can be shared sooner rather than later.

FUTURE
So what are the future plans for this channel?  In the introduction video, I mentioned that I plan to explain what happened to the apostles after they wrote their gospels and letters and after Acts.  And I still plan to deliver just that... eventually.  Until then, here is what you can expect.

First, I plan to finish videos that introduce the rest of the major early Christian writers and works.  There are 10 more.

Once these are done, I want to do a four-video series on the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament which began around 250 BC.  The Septuagint was very significant to the early Christians.

Once that is done, I will begin sharing what this channel is all about: explaining what the early Christians believed about all kinds of subjects... many of which I mentioned in my introduction video.  Here are the next few categories of subjects that you can look forward to.  Each of these will be its own series of videos.

NON-EARLY CHRISTIAN VIDEOS
Less than a year ago, I posted a video about when Obadiah was written.  Though the main purpose of this channel is sharing early Christianity, from time to time, I plan to share videos that are more of a Bible study or a history lesson.

For example, of the books of the Bible that occurred while the Jews were under the Persian Empire, I worked to put them in chronological order.  I plan to post a video that will put all the passages from Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, and parts of Daniel in chronological order.  Stay tuned for that and more like it.

ENDING
Please know that I do my best to answer all comments and all emails.

Very recently, I gathered all the videos I have posted so far and put them into one convenient location.  It is a video archive for this channel.  It has a short description of each video with a direct link to the video.  The link to this archive is in the description.

I feel very blessed to be able to share the faith and history of early Christianity with you.  Please stay tuned for more, and share this channel with your friends and your ministers.  Again, I ask that you pray for this ministry.  May the Lord bless you.

Friday, May 29, 2015

Treatise Against the Heretic Novatian (Full Script)

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Treatise Against the Heretic Novatian
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
This was written around AD 255.  The author is unknown, but he was most likely a friend of Cyprian.

WORK
In this work, the author makes very bold and harsh statements against Novatian and his schism from the Universal Church.  The big problem with Novatian which he points out is how unmerciful Novatian is towards Christians who had lapsed by sacrificing to the gods or to the emperor but wanted to return in repentance.  Novatian refused to accept them.  It is on these grounds that the unknown author labels Novatian a heretic.

Apart of Novatian himself, the greater part of this work discusses all the reasons why repentance should be accepted and why it is possible for anyone to be restored to the Church.  This is a great work about the mercies of God and the importance of showing compassion towards Christians who have sinned.

Friday, May 22, 2015

New: Video Archive!

Currently, there are three ways to be notified about new videos: subscribing through Youtube, subscribing by email (postapostolicchurch@gmail.com), and subscribing to this blog (and Google+).

You can find all the videos on the Youtube channel page, but I just put direct links to all the videos, along with short descriptions of each video, in one convenient location.  From now on, emails and posts on this blog will have a link to the archive.  I will keep it up-to-date.

Click here to see the video archive.

Thank you for watching and supporting!

Gregory Thaumaturgus (Full Script)

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Gregory Thaumaturgus
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Gregory Thaumaturgus was an overseer in Neo-Caesarea, Pontus in northern Asia Minor and what is today Niksar, Turkey around AD 255.

LIFE
Gregory grew up in a wealthy pagan family.  He was converted at the age of 14 by Origen while Origen was in Caesarea, Palestine.  When he returned to his home in Neo-Caesarea, he became an overseer with only 17 souls under his oversight.  It is said that by the time of his death, there were only 17 pagans left in Neo-Caesarea.

QUOTATIONS
Gregory Thaumaturgus wrote about life before becoming a Christian,


About my earliest upbringing, from the time of my birth onwards, I was under the hand of my parents.  The manner of life in my father's house was one of error, and of a kind from which no one, I imagine, expected that we should be delivered.  Nor had I myself the hope, boy as I was, and without understanding and under a superstitious father.  (Gregory Thaumaturgus.  AD 255.  ANF, vol 6, page 25.)

Friday, May 15, 2015

Cyprian of Carthage (Full Script)

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Cyprian of Carthage
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Cyprian was an overseer in Carthage around AD 250.

WORKS
He was greatly influenced by Tertullian, who was an overseer in Carthage two generations before.

Speaking about how much Cyprian loved Tertullian, Jerome wrote,

I have seen a certain old man, Paul of Concordia, [from] a town of Italy.  While he was a very young man, he had been secretary to the blessed Cyprian who was already advanced in age.  He said that he had seen how Cyprian was accustomed never to pass a day without reading [the works of] Tertullian and that he frequently said to him, "Give me the master," meaning Tertullian.  (Jerome.  AD 400.  APNF2, vol 3, page 373.)

Most of Cyprian's writings we have are in the form of letters between him and other leaders in the church.

Cyprian was one of the most outspoken opponents of Novatian, who left the main church and began a schism.

LIFE
Cyprian was born into a wealthy pagan family.  After his conversion at the age of 40 and because of his love for Christ, he liquidated his entire estate and gave all the money to the poor.  He was still relatively new in the faith when he was appointed as an overseer in Carthage--which was uncommon.  It is clear that he led a very Christ-like life that was apparent to others.

Cyprian saw the growing persecution under Emperor Valerian and prepared the church in Carthage for it.  In AD 258, he was arrested and condemned to die.  Many Christians supported him that day.  While he stood on the platform, ready to be executed, he willingly removed his own clothes and knelt down before he was beheaded for his faith.

QUOTATIONS
About Cyprian, Pre-Nicene Christians wrote,

Cyprian, therefore, was above all others, distinguished and renowned, since he had sought great glory to himself in the profession of the art of oratory.  And he wrote very many things worthy of admiration in their particular class.  For he was of a kind of mind which was ready, abundant, agreeable, and (that which is the greatest excellence of style) plain and open.  (Lactantius.  AD 304-313.  ANF, vol 7, page 136.)

About Christianity, Cyprian said,

But for us, beloved brethren, who are philosophers, not in words, but in deeds, and do not put forward our wisdom in our dress, but in truth..., [we] do not speak great things, but live them.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 484.)


Friday, May 8, 2015

Introduction to the Didascalia Apostolorum (Full Script)

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Introduction to the Didascalia Apostolorum
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRODUCTION
The Didascalia Apostolorum is Latin meaning the Teaching of the Apostles.  Finding information about the origin of this work is nearly impossible.  In fact, the first reference to it was made by Epiphanius of Salmis around 360 AD.

AUTHOR AND DATE
The work claims to be written by all of the apostles and is written in first person.  Very few scholars, however, have said it is authentically authored by the apostles themselves.  It is my opinion that this was not written by the apostles.  Otherwise, the work would have been far more popular through the early centuries and guaranteed a place in the New Testament canon.

Most scholars place it in the later third century.  Others place it in the early third century.  Few place it in the fourth century.  Upon researching the theories and beliefs about when this work was written, I am unable to estimate an approximate date.  Therefore, it will be generalized to the third century.

CONTENT
The Didascalia Apostolorum is made up of seven books, the seventh being a copy of the Didache, which is from the first century.  The work includes details about the Christian life, the offices in the church, widows, helping the poor, martyrdom, prayer, heresies, and many, many other things.

Most people familiar with Christian history will know the Didascalia Apostolorum as the Apostolic Constitutions.  Around AD 390, an eighth book in circulation was added and all were compiled into this one work.  Most scholars believe that the eighth book was written during the mid to late fourth century which places it long after the Council of Nicaea.  A portion of the eighth book is called the Canons of the Apostles which had a little more popularity.  Though the Didascalia Apostolorum has been included in—and called—the Apostolic Constitutions, this channel will be concerned with the first seven books, which are Pre-Nicene works, and will not include the eighth book, which is a Post-Nicene work.

Friday, May 1, 2015

Novatian of Rome (Full Script)

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Novatian of Rome
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Novatian was an overseer in Rome and later in southern Italy.  He wrote between AD 235-260.

LIFE
At a young age, Novatian was converted from a deep belief in Stoicism.  (This was a Greek philosophical religion that taught that happiness comes through intellectual perfection and virtuous living.)  Novatian was the first Christian writer from Rome to write in Latin.

During the severe persecution under Emperor Decius, many Christians compromised and sacrificed or burned incense to Roman gods.  These was a division in the Roman presbytery over how to handle these Christians when they wanted to return to the church.  Like Hippolytus a generation before, Novatian took a strict stance, saying that the church should not endorse weak church discipline.

When the time came to appoint a new bishop of Rome, Cornelius--who was not strict in the practice of church discipline--was chosen instead of Novatian who was the most likely candidate.  In protest, Novatian and five other overseers left Rome and began a rival church to the Roman church.  Because of this, many bishops, such as Firmilian in Cappadocia and Cyprian in Carthage, opposed Novatian, when beforehand, they had great respect for him.

Novatian was excommunicated from the church and began a new sect that sought to return to more serious Christian practices.  His followers called themselves Purists while the mainstream church called them Novatianists.  They quickly spread throughout the whole Roman Empire but dissipated around AD 400.  Their beliefs were identical to the beliefs of the mainstream church, except that they preached that those who compromised by sacrificing or burning incense to the gods were not allowed back into the church at all.

Novatian has left us with many beautiful and powerful writings about God and the church.  His schism was a sad ordeal.  Because of it, most of the writings about Novatian himself come from his opponents.

QUOTATIONS AGAINST NOVATIAN
An unknown opponent of Novatian wrote about his life while he was still an overseer in Rome,

Novatian... always in one household--that is, [while he was in] the Church of Christ--would have mourned over the sins of his neighbors as his own, he would have borne the burdens of his brethren as the apostle exhorts,* and he would have strengthened the weak in the faith with heavenly counsel.  (Treatise Against the Heretic Novatian.  AD 255.  ANF, 5.661.)
* See Gal 6:2.

Other Pre-Nicene Christians, who were Novatian's opponents, wrote,

Disturbed by the wickedness of an unlawful ordination made in opposition to the Universal Church, we considered at once that they [the Novatianists] must be restrained from communion with us.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 319.)

They [the Novatianists] are striving here [in Carthage] also to distract the members of Christ into schismatic parties and to cut and tear the one body of the Universal Church.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 319.)

In spite of God's tradition, in spite of the combined and everywhere-compacted unity of the Universal Church, [Novatian] is endeavoring to make a human church and is sending his new apostles through very many cities, that he may establish some new foundations of his own ordination.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 333.)

This quote from Cyprian shows that Novatian did indeed begin a new church apart from the Universal Church he was once part of.

The Novatians re-baptize those whom they entice from us.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 380.)

Beloved brethren, do not let the abrupt madness of that treacherous heretic move or disturb us.  Although he is placed in such great guilt of dissension and schism and is separated from the Church, he does not hold back from hurling in return his charges upon us with profane recklessness.  For although he is now made unclean by himself, defiled with the filth of profaneness, he contends that we are so.  (Treatise against Novatian.  AD 255.  ANF, vol 5, pages 657.)

We rightly reject Novatian, who has divided the Church and drawn away some of the brethren to impiety and blasphemies.  (Letter to Dionysius of Alexandria.  AD 260.  ANF, vol 6, page 103.)

Thursday, April 2, 2015

A Reading of On Easter by Venantius of Camerino (Full Script)

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A Reading of On Easter by Venantius of Camerino
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
This is a poem titled On Easter by Venantius of Camerino.  He lived in Camerino, Italy and was martyred there under the persecutions of Emperor Decius around 250 AD.

He addressed this poem to his friend, Felix of Nola, who also died from these persecutions.

This beautiful poem shows how excited the early Christians were to celebrate Easter, or as they called it in Greek and Latin, Pascha, as well as the victory of God by the resurrection of His Son, Jesus Christ.

VERSE 1
The seasons blush varied with the flowery, fair weather, and the gate of the pole lies open with greater light.
His path in the heaven raises the fire-breathing sun higher, who goes forth on his course, and enters the waters of the ocean.
Armed with rays traversing the liquid elements, in this brief night he stretches out the day in a circle.
The brilliant firmament puts forth its clear countenance, and the bright stars show their joy.
The fruitful earth pours forth its gifts with varied increase, when the year has well returned its vernal riches.
Soft beds of violets paint the purple plain; the meadows are green with plants, and the plant shines with its leaves.
By degrees, gleaming brightness of the flowers comes forth; all the herbs smile with their blossoms.
The seed being deposited, the grain springs up far and wide in the fields, promising to be able to overcome the hunger of the husbandman.
Having deserted its stem, the vine-shoot bewails its joys; the vine gives water only from the source from which it is accustomed to give wine.
The swelling bud, rising with tender down from the back of its mother, prepares its bosom for bringing forth.
Its foliage having been torn off in the wintry season, the verdant grove now renews its leafy shelter.
Mingled together, the willow, the fir, the hazel, the osier, the elm, the maple, the walnut, each tree applauds, delightful with its leaves.
Hence the bee, about to construct its comb, leaving the hive, humming over the flowers, carries off honey with its leg.
The bird which, having closed its song, was dumb, sluggish with the wintry cold, returns to its strains.
Hence Philomela attunes her notes with her own instruments, and the air becomes sweeter with the re-echoed melody.
Behold, the favor of the reviving world bears witness that all gifts have returned together with its Lord.
For in honor of Christ rising triumphant after His descent to the gloomy Tartarus, the grove on every side with its leaves expresses approval, the plants with their flowers express approval.
The light, the heaven, the fields, and the sea duly praise the God ascending above the stars, having crushed the laws of hell.
Behold, He who was crucified reigns as God over all things, and all created objects offer prayer to their Creator.
Hail, festive day, to be reverenced throughout the world, on which God has conquered hell, and gains the stars!
The changes of the year and of the months, the bounteous light of the days, the splendor of the hours, all things with voice applaud.
Hence, in honor of You, the wood with its foliage applauds; hence the vine, with its silent shoot, gives thanks.
Hence the thickets now resound with the whisper of birds; among these the sparrow sings with exuberant love.

BRIDGE
O Christ, You [are] Savior of the world, merciful Creator and Redeemer, the only offspring from the Godhead of the Father, flowing in an indescribable manner from the heart of Your Parent, You [are] self-existing Word, and powerful from the mouth of Your Father, equal to Him, of one mind with Him, His fellow, same age with the Father, from whom at first the world [7.330] derived its origin!  You suspend the firmament, You heap together the soil, You pour forth the seas, by whose government all things which are fixed in their places flourish.  You saw that the human race was plunged in the depth of misery, that You might rescue man, did Yourself also become man: nor were You willing only to be born with a body, but You became flesh, which endured to be born and to die.  You did undergo funeral rites, Yourself the author of life and framer of the world, You did enter the path of death, in giving the aid of salvation.

VERSE 2
The gloomy chains of the infernal law yielded, and chaos feared to be pressed by the presence of the light.
Darkness perishes, put to flight by the brightness of Christ; the thick, dark cloud of eternal night falls.
But restore the promised pledge, I pray You, O power so kind!
The third day has returned; arise, my buried One; it is not becoming that Your limbs should lie in the lowly tomb, nor that worthless stones should press that which is the ransom of the world.
It is unworthy that a stone should shut in with a confining rock, and cover Him in whose fist all things are enclosed.
Take away the linen clothes, I pray; leave the napkins in the tomb: You are sufficient for us, and without You there is nothing.
Release the chained shades of the infernal prison, and recall to the upper regions whatever sinks to the lowest depths.
Give back Your face, that the world may see the light; give back the day which flees from us at Your death.
But returning, O holy conqueror! You did altogether fill the heaven! Tartarus lies depressed, nor retains its rights.
The ruler of the lower regions, insatiably opening his hollow jaws, who has always been a spoiler, becomes a prey to You.
You rescue an innumerable people from the prison of death, and they follow in freedom to the place where their leader approaches.
The fierce monster in alarm vomits forth the multitude whom he had swallowed up, and the Lamb withdraws the sheep from the jaw of the wolf.
Hence re-seeking the tomb from the lower regions, having resumed Your flesh, as a warrior You carried back ample trophies to the heavens.
Those whom chaos held in punishment, He has now restored; and those whom death might seek, a new life holds.
Oh, sacred King, behold a great part of Your triumph shines forth, when the sacred washing pool blesses pure souls!
A host, clad in white, come forth from the bright waves, and cleanse their old fault in a new stream.
The white garment also designates bright souls, and the Shepherd has enjoyments from the snow-white flock.
The priest Felix is added sharing in this reward, who wishes to give double talents to his Lord.
Drawing those who wander in Gentile error to better things, that a beast of prey may not carry them away, he guards the fold of God.
Those whom guilty Eve had before infected, he now restores, fed with abundant milk at the bosom of the Church.
By cultivating rustic hearts with mild conversations, a crop is produced from a briar by the bounty of Felix.
The Saxon, a fierce nation, living as it were after the manner of wild beasts, when you, O sacred One! apply a remedy, the beast of prey resembles the sheep.
About to remain with you through an age with the return of a hundred-fold, you fill the barns with the produce of an abundant harvest.
May this people, free from stain, be strengthened in your arms, and may you bear to the stars a pure pledge to God.
May one crown be bestowed on you from on high gained from yourself, may another flourish gained from your people.


Friday, March 27, 2015

Firmilian of Cappadocia (Full Script)

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Firmilian of Cappadocia
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Firmilian was an overseer in Caesarea Mazaca around AD 235 in the region of Cappadocia in Asia Minor.  Today, Caesarea Mazaca is Kayseri, Turkey.

Firmilian was a student of Origen.  He was friends with Cyprian and Dionysius of Alexandria.

WORKS
All of the information we have about Firmilian comes from the letters he wrote to and received from Cyprian and Dionysius of Alexandria.

One of Firmilian's and Cyprian's more notable discussions regarded Stephen, the bishop of Rome.  Both of them rebuked Stephen for believing he was superior to all other bishops because he was a successor of the apostle Peter.  Firmilian's and Cyprian's letters show that all the bishops in the Universal Church were designed to have equal authority under Jesus Christ.

QUOTATIONS
Pamphilus of Caesarea Maritima, who may have been a student of Firmillian, wrote about him,

...For instance, [there is] Dionysius, the bishop of Alexandria, and Firmilian of Cappadocia, those men of blessed name.  (Pamphilus of Caesarea Maritma.  AD 309.  ANF, 6.169.)
 

Thursday, March 19, 2015

Origen of Alexandria (Full Script)

Too lazy to read?  Watch the video!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUFz-c7ETYg

Origen of Alexandria
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Origen Adamantius was an overseer in Alexandria, Egypt and later in Caesarea, Palestine (also called Caesarea Maritima).  He wrote between AD 230-250.

Origen was a brilliant student of Clement of Alexandria.  He probably heard Hippolytus preach.  Firmilian, Gregory Thaumaturgus, and Dionysius of Alexandria were some of Origen's students.

LIFE
He grew up in a Christian home.  Origen's deep and difficult questions and curiosity led Leonides, his father, to rebuke him on a few occasions but he thanked God for the genius of his son.  At the start of the persecutions under Emperor Septimius Severus when Origen was 17 (AD 202), Leonides was imprisoned for his faith.  Origen decided to stand on trial with his father and die with him.  But before the trial, Origen's mother hid all his clothes so that he could not leave the house.  When Leonides was killed, the government took their land which left Origen, his mother, and his six brothers in need.  During this time of Christian persecution, Origen became famous in Alexandria because of the love he showed to the suffering Christians.

In order to support his family, Origen taught grammar and literature as a private tutor.  Even at his young age, he was regarded as so brilliant that pagan parents brought their children to be taught by him.  Many of these students became Christians because of Origen.  One of them, Heraclas, later became bishop of Alexandria.

According to Origen's student, Gregory Thaumaturgus, his evangelism style was one of theological and emotional persuasion rather than logical reasoning.

Clement of Alexandria was the head teacher of the catechetical school of new converts in Alexandria.  Because of the persecutions under Severus, he was forced to flee the city and continue the Lord's work elsewhere.  So when Origen was 18 years old (AD 203), Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, assigned Origen to be the new head teacher of the catechetical school.  In response, Origen sold his Greek books on credit in order to receive a small income.  Though he was head teacher, he refused all other income.  After he taught all day, he would study the Scriptures far into the night.

Years later, Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, became jealous of Origen's fame and expelled him from the city.  So he moved to Caesarea, Palestine and became an overseer there.

During the persecutions under Emperor Decius (AD 250-251), when Origen was around 65 years old, Origen was captured and tortured.  It appears that he was released, but the wounds inflicted upon him later killed him.

LEGACY
Origen was nothing short of a genius.  In order to respond to Jewish critics of Christianity, Origen became the first Gentile Christian to learn Hebrew.  Origen compiled the Hexapla, the first parallel Old Testament containing six versions.  It contained (1) the Hebrew, (2) the Secunda (which is a transliteration of the Hebrew into Koine Greek letters), (3) the Greek translation by Aquila of Sinope, (4) the Greek translation by Symmachus the Ebionite, (5) the Septuagint with his notes on where the Septuagint differs from the Hebrew, and (6) the Greek translation by Theodotion.  Origen gave a commentary on nearly every book of the New Testament.  Many people believe Origen produced more written works than any human before his time, either Christian or non-Christian.  These number more than 2000 works, written through dictation.  Origen was the first true Christian theologian.

But most importantly, Origen personified Jesus' teaching of the Christian life from the Sermon on the Mount.  He chose to live in poverty and treated both Christians and enemies with love and humility.

Origen said about Christianity,

You will observe the difference between the crowds, who simply "followed" Christ, and Peter and the others who "gave up everything and followed."  (Origen.  AD 248.  ANF, vol 9, page 505.)

CANONIZATION
Many people have heard that Origen was a heretic.  Was he?  He was not labeled a heretic during his lifetime.  Eusebius records that Origen was expelled from Alexandria because his bishop, Demetrius, was jealous of Origen's brilliance and fame.  Upon hearing of Origen's expulsion from Alexandria, the churches in Caesarea Palestine and Jerusalem wanted Origen to come be an overseer for their churches.  When Origen died, he was an overseer in good standing with the church.

It wasn't until about 300 years after his death at the Second Council of Constantinople (AD 553) when Emperor Justinian I and an assembly of church leaders declared a number of Origen's beliefs to be heretical.  Three of these probably included his beliefs about the pre-existence of souls (though he specifically taught against the transmigration of souls, that is, reincarnation), the eventual universal reconciliation of ALL beings, possibly including the devil (though after untold eons of repentance; now this is not to be confused with universal salvation, which is the belief that God will automatically save everyone), and the three ways to interpret Scripture--historical, moral, and spiritual (which correspond to our body, soul, and spirit).  Yes, Origen did believe these things and he was the only pre-Nicene Christian who wrote about them.  He even provided Scriptures to support them.  However, about the idea of universal reconciliation, he said that he inferred this from Scripture and that this belief is open for dispute.  After reading Origen’s arguments for these beliefs, though they are fascinating, I disagree with Origen on the first two and agree with him on the third.  But I don’t believe any of these beliefs make Origen a heretic at all.

Ever since the sixth century, there has existed a strong dislike of Origen, and this has caused a lot of misinformation about him to become popular over the following centuries.  For example, there is a belief that Origen corrupted many copies of the Scriptures.  This belief is usually similar to the following:

Origen corrupted many copies of the Scriptures to fit his personal beliefs, and these corrupted Scriptures became what we know today as the Alexandrian family of New Testament manuscripts [Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, 4th century manuscripts].   The true, uncorrupted Scriptures became the Byzantine family of New Testament manuscripts [also called the Majority Text; Textus Receptus].

Usually, this belief is held by those who use the King James Version to the exclusion of all other translations because the King James Version and the New King James Version were translated from the Byzantine family while nearly all other versions have been translated from the Alexandrian family.  Because the supporters of the King James Version dislike the Alexandrian family, they point to Origen of Alexandria as the one who corrupted the other NT manuscripts.

However, if one looks at Origen’s writings, one would see that Origen did not corrupt any Scripture.  In fact, when one examines the very few differences between the Alexandrian texts and the Byzantine texts, one would see that Origen tends to agree with the Byzantine more often!  Therefore, Origen's writings actually help support the Byzantine text and, thus, the King James Version.  How ironic that centuries of misinformation about Origen have caused many to accuse him of corrupting the Scriptures when, in fact, Origen is one of their biggest supporters.  So when someone accuses Origen of corrupting the Scriptures, this only proves that this person has not read Origen's writings.

Because of the misinformation about and dislike of Origen, as of today, not a single group of Christianity, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, or Anglicanism, has canonized, or honored, Origen or given him a feast day.  But because of Origen’s unquestionable genius, his innumerable contributions to the Lord’s church, and his unequaled commitment to Jesus Christ, it is my opinion that it is a great disservice not to give Origen the honor he deserves.


Timeline of Origen's Life
202.  Persecution which killed his dad.
203.  Assigned head of the Catechetical School.
211-212.  Traveled to Rome and saw Zephyrinus.
212.  Gives his student Plutarch authority over catechumens while Origen focused on exegesis and Hebrew.
212-213.  Origen converts Ambrose of Alexandria (a former Valentinian).
213-214.  Origen visits the prefect in Petra, Arabia.
214-215.  An Alexandrian uprising sends Ambrose to Caesarea.  Origen joins him and spends much time traveling and preaching in Caesarea.
216.  Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, calls Origen back.
218.  Ambrose pays for Origen's books and Origen dedicates all his works to Ambrose.
218-228.  Origen writes many, many commentaries on books of the Bible.
228.  Origen travels to Greece and Caesarea.  He is appointed as a presbyter in Caesarea.
230.  Origen returns to Alexandria.
231.  Demetrius's jealousy of Origen causes Origen to move to Caesarea.
235.  Origen flees Caesarea to Cappadocia because of persecution.  He is welcomed by Firmilian.
238.  Origen returns to Caesarea.
240.  Converts Beryllus, bishop of Bostra, from Gnosticism.  Spend much time defending his works with Fabian, bishop of Rome.
?.  Origen went to Arabia to battle the doctrine of soul sleep.
251.  Origen is captured during the Decian persecution and tortured.

254.  Origen dies from wounds.