Friday, May 15, 2015

Cyprian of Carthage (Full Script)

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Cyprian of Carthage
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Cyprian was an overseer in Carthage around AD 250.

WORKS
He was greatly influenced by Tertullian, who was an overseer in Carthage two generations before.

Speaking about how much Cyprian loved Tertullian, Jerome wrote,

I have seen a certain old man, Paul of Concordia, [from] a town of Italy.  While he was a very young man, he had been secretary to the blessed Cyprian who was already advanced in age.  He said that he had seen how Cyprian was accustomed never to pass a day without reading [the works of] Tertullian and that he frequently said to him, "Give me the master," meaning Tertullian.  (Jerome.  AD 400.  APNF2, vol 3, page 373.)

Most of Cyprian's writings we have are in the form of letters between him and other leaders in the church.

Cyprian was one of the most outspoken opponents of Novatian, who left the main church and began a schism.

LIFE
Cyprian was born into a wealthy pagan family.  After his conversion at the age of 40 and because of his love for Christ, he liquidated his entire estate and gave all the money to the poor.  He was still relatively new in the faith when he was appointed as an overseer in Carthage--which was uncommon.  It is clear that he led a very Christ-like life that was apparent to others.

Cyprian saw the growing persecution under Emperor Valerian and prepared the church in Carthage for it.  In AD 258, he was arrested and condemned to die.  Many Christians supported him that day.  While he stood on the platform, ready to be executed, he willingly removed his own clothes and knelt down before he was beheaded for his faith.

QUOTATIONS
About Cyprian, Pre-Nicene Christians wrote,

Cyprian, therefore, was above all others, distinguished and renowned, since he had sought great glory to himself in the profession of the art of oratory.  And he wrote very many things worthy of admiration in their particular class.  For he was of a kind of mind which was ready, abundant, agreeable, and (that which is the greatest excellence of style) plain and open.  (Lactantius.  AD 304-313.  ANF, vol 7, page 136.)

About Christianity, Cyprian said,

But for us, beloved brethren, who are philosophers, not in words, but in deeds, and do not put forward our wisdom in our dress, but in truth..., [we] do not speak great things, but live them.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 484.)


Friday, May 8, 2015

Introduction to the Didascalia Apostolorum (Full Script)

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Introduction to the Didascalia Apostolorum
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRODUCTION
The Didascalia Apostolorum is Latin meaning the Teaching of the Apostles.  Finding information about the origin of this work is nearly impossible.  In fact, the first reference to it was made by Epiphanius of Salmis around 360 AD.

AUTHOR AND DATE
The work claims to be written by all of the apostles and is written in first person.  Very few scholars, however, have said it is authentically authored by the apostles themselves.  It is my opinion that this was not written by the apostles.  Otherwise, the work would have been far more popular through the early centuries and guaranteed a place in the New Testament canon.

Most scholars place it in the later third century.  Others place it in the early third century.  Few place it in the fourth century.  Upon researching the theories and beliefs about when this work was written, I am unable to estimate an approximate date.  Therefore, it will be generalized to the third century.

CONTENT
The Didascalia Apostolorum is made up of seven books, the seventh being a copy of the Didache, which is from the first century.  The work includes details about the Christian life, the offices in the church, widows, helping the poor, martyrdom, prayer, heresies, and many, many other things.

Most people familiar with Christian history will know the Didascalia Apostolorum as the Apostolic Constitutions.  Around AD 390, an eighth book in circulation was added and all were compiled into this one work.  Most scholars believe that the eighth book was written during the mid to late fourth century which places it long after the Council of Nicaea.  A portion of the eighth book is called the Canons of the Apostles which had a little more popularity.  Though the Didascalia Apostolorum has been included in—and called—the Apostolic Constitutions, this channel will be concerned with the first seven books, which are Pre-Nicene works, and will not include the eighth book, which is a Post-Nicene work.

Friday, May 1, 2015

Novatian of Rome (Full Script)

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Novatian of Rome
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Novatian was an overseer in Rome and later in southern Italy.  He wrote between AD 235-260.

LIFE
At a young age, Novatian was converted from a deep belief in Stoicism.  (This was a Greek philosophical religion that taught that happiness comes through intellectual perfection and virtuous living.)  Novatian was the first Christian writer from Rome to write in Latin.

During the severe persecution under Emperor Decius, many Christians compromised and sacrificed or burned incense to Roman gods.  These was a division in the Roman presbytery over how to handle these Christians when they wanted to return to the church.  Like Hippolytus a generation before, Novatian took a strict stance, saying that the church should not endorse weak church discipline.

When the time came to appoint a new bishop of Rome, Cornelius--who was not strict in the practice of church discipline--was chosen instead of Novatian who was the most likely candidate.  In protest, Novatian and five other overseers left Rome and began a rival church to the Roman church.  Because of this, many bishops, such as Firmilian in Cappadocia and Cyprian in Carthage, opposed Novatian, when beforehand, they had great respect for him.

Novatian was excommunicated from the church and began a new sect that sought to return to more serious Christian practices.  His followers called themselves Purists while the mainstream church called them Novatianists.  They quickly spread throughout the whole Roman Empire but dissipated around AD 400.  Their beliefs were identical to the beliefs of the mainstream church, except that they preached that those who compromised by sacrificing or burning incense to the gods were not allowed back into the church at all.

Novatian has left us with many beautiful and powerful writings about God and the church.  His schism was a sad ordeal.  Because of it, most of the writings about Novatian himself come from his opponents.

QUOTATIONS AGAINST NOVATIAN
An unknown opponent of Novatian wrote about his life while he was still an overseer in Rome,

Novatian... always in one household--that is, [while he was in] the Church of Christ--would have mourned over the sins of his neighbors as his own, he would have borne the burdens of his brethren as the apostle exhorts,* and he would have strengthened the weak in the faith with heavenly counsel.  (Treatise Against the Heretic Novatian.  AD 255.  ANF, 5.661.)
* See Gal 6:2.

Other Pre-Nicene Christians, who were Novatian's opponents, wrote,

Disturbed by the wickedness of an unlawful ordination made in opposition to the Universal Church, we considered at once that they [the Novatianists] must be restrained from communion with us.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 319.)

They [the Novatianists] are striving here [in Carthage] also to distract the members of Christ into schismatic parties and to cut and tear the one body of the Universal Church.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 319.)

In spite of God's tradition, in spite of the combined and everywhere-compacted unity of the Universal Church, [Novatian] is endeavoring to make a human church and is sending his new apostles through very many cities, that he may establish some new foundations of his own ordination.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 333.)

This quote from Cyprian shows that Novatian did indeed begin a new church apart from the Universal Church he was once part of.

The Novatians re-baptize those whom they entice from us.  (Cyprian.  AD 250.  ANF, vol 5, page 380.)

Beloved brethren, do not let the abrupt madness of that treacherous heretic move or disturb us.  Although he is placed in such great guilt of dissension and schism and is separated from the Church, he does not hold back from hurling in return his charges upon us with profane recklessness.  For although he is now made unclean by himself, defiled with the filth of profaneness, he contends that we are so.  (Treatise against Novatian.  AD 255.  ANF, vol 5, pages 657.)

We rightly reject Novatian, who has divided the Church and drawn away some of the brethren to impiety and blasphemies.  (Letter to Dionysius of Alexandria.  AD 260.  ANF, vol 6, page 103.)

Thursday, April 2, 2015

A Reading of On Easter by Venantius of Camerino (Full Script)

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A Reading of On Easter by Venantius of Camerino
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
This is a poem titled On Easter by Venantius of Camerino.  He lived in Camerino, Italy and was martyred there under the persecutions of Emperor Decius around 250 AD.

He addressed this poem to his friend, Felix of Nola, who also died from these persecutions.

This beautiful poem shows how excited the early Christians were to celebrate Easter, or as they called it in Greek and Latin, Pascha, as well as the victory of God by the resurrection of His Son, Jesus Christ.

VERSE 1
The seasons blush varied with the flowery, fair weather, and the gate of the pole lies open with greater light.
His path in the heaven raises the fire-breathing sun higher, who goes forth on his course, and enters the waters of the ocean.
Armed with rays traversing the liquid elements, in this brief night he stretches out the day in a circle.
The brilliant firmament puts forth its clear countenance, and the bright stars show their joy.
The fruitful earth pours forth its gifts with varied increase, when the year has well returned its vernal riches.
Soft beds of violets paint the purple plain; the meadows are green with plants, and the plant shines with its leaves.
By degrees, gleaming brightness of the flowers comes forth; all the herbs smile with their blossoms.
The seed being deposited, the grain springs up far and wide in the fields, promising to be able to overcome the hunger of the husbandman.
Having deserted its stem, the vine-shoot bewails its joys; the vine gives water only from the source from which it is accustomed to give wine.
The swelling bud, rising with tender down from the back of its mother, prepares its bosom for bringing forth.
Its foliage having been torn off in the wintry season, the verdant grove now renews its leafy shelter.
Mingled together, the willow, the fir, the hazel, the osier, the elm, the maple, the walnut, each tree applauds, delightful with its leaves.
Hence the bee, about to construct its comb, leaving the hive, humming over the flowers, carries off honey with its leg.
The bird which, having closed its song, was dumb, sluggish with the wintry cold, returns to its strains.
Hence Philomela attunes her notes with her own instruments, and the air becomes sweeter with the re-echoed melody.
Behold, the favor of the reviving world bears witness that all gifts have returned together with its Lord.
For in honor of Christ rising triumphant after His descent to the gloomy Tartarus, the grove on every side with its leaves expresses approval, the plants with their flowers express approval.
The light, the heaven, the fields, and the sea duly praise the God ascending above the stars, having crushed the laws of hell.
Behold, He who was crucified reigns as God over all things, and all created objects offer prayer to their Creator.
Hail, festive day, to be reverenced throughout the world, on which God has conquered hell, and gains the stars!
The changes of the year and of the months, the bounteous light of the days, the splendor of the hours, all things with voice applaud.
Hence, in honor of You, the wood with its foliage applauds; hence the vine, with its silent shoot, gives thanks.
Hence the thickets now resound with the whisper of birds; among these the sparrow sings with exuberant love.

BRIDGE
O Christ, You [are] Savior of the world, merciful Creator and Redeemer, the only offspring from the Godhead of the Father, flowing in an indescribable manner from the heart of Your Parent, You [are] self-existing Word, and powerful from the mouth of Your Father, equal to Him, of one mind with Him, His fellow, same age with the Father, from whom at first the world [7.330] derived its origin!  You suspend the firmament, You heap together the soil, You pour forth the seas, by whose government all things which are fixed in their places flourish.  You saw that the human race was plunged in the depth of misery, that You might rescue man, did Yourself also become man: nor were You willing only to be born with a body, but You became flesh, which endured to be born and to die.  You did undergo funeral rites, Yourself the author of life and framer of the world, You did enter the path of death, in giving the aid of salvation.

VERSE 2
The gloomy chains of the infernal law yielded, and chaos feared to be pressed by the presence of the light.
Darkness perishes, put to flight by the brightness of Christ; the thick, dark cloud of eternal night falls.
But restore the promised pledge, I pray You, O power so kind!
The third day has returned; arise, my buried One; it is not becoming that Your limbs should lie in the lowly tomb, nor that worthless stones should press that which is the ransom of the world.
It is unworthy that a stone should shut in with a confining rock, and cover Him in whose fist all things are enclosed.
Take away the linen clothes, I pray; leave the napkins in the tomb: You are sufficient for us, and without You there is nothing.
Release the chained shades of the infernal prison, and recall to the upper regions whatever sinks to the lowest depths.
Give back Your face, that the world may see the light; give back the day which flees from us at Your death.
But returning, O holy conqueror! You did altogether fill the heaven! Tartarus lies depressed, nor retains its rights.
The ruler of the lower regions, insatiably opening his hollow jaws, who has always been a spoiler, becomes a prey to You.
You rescue an innumerable people from the prison of death, and they follow in freedom to the place where their leader approaches.
The fierce monster in alarm vomits forth the multitude whom he had swallowed up, and the Lamb withdraws the sheep from the jaw of the wolf.
Hence re-seeking the tomb from the lower regions, having resumed Your flesh, as a warrior You carried back ample trophies to the heavens.
Those whom chaos held in punishment, He has now restored; and those whom death might seek, a new life holds.
Oh, sacred King, behold a great part of Your triumph shines forth, when the sacred washing pool blesses pure souls!
A host, clad in white, come forth from the bright waves, and cleanse their old fault in a new stream.
The white garment also designates bright souls, and the Shepherd has enjoyments from the snow-white flock.
The priest Felix is added sharing in this reward, who wishes to give double talents to his Lord.
Drawing those who wander in Gentile error to better things, that a beast of prey may not carry them away, he guards the fold of God.
Those whom guilty Eve had before infected, he now restores, fed with abundant milk at the bosom of the Church.
By cultivating rustic hearts with mild conversations, a crop is produced from a briar by the bounty of Felix.
The Saxon, a fierce nation, living as it were after the manner of wild beasts, when you, O sacred One! apply a remedy, the beast of prey resembles the sheep.
About to remain with you through an age with the return of a hundred-fold, you fill the barns with the produce of an abundant harvest.
May this people, free from stain, be strengthened in your arms, and may you bear to the stars a pure pledge to God.
May one crown be bestowed on you from on high gained from yourself, may another flourish gained from your people.


Friday, March 27, 2015

Firmilian of Cappadocia (Full Script)

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Firmilian of Cappadocia
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Firmilian was an overseer in Caesarea Mazaca around AD 235 in the region of Cappadocia in Asia Minor.  Today, Caesarea Mazaca is Kayseri, Turkey.

Firmilian was a student of Origen.  He was friends with Cyprian and Dionysius of Alexandria.

WORKS
All of the information we have about Firmilian comes from the letters he wrote to and received from Cyprian and Dionysius of Alexandria.

One of Firmilian's and Cyprian's more notable discussions regarded Stephen, the bishop of Rome.  Both of them rebuked Stephen for believing he was superior to all other bishops because he was a successor of the apostle Peter.  Firmilian's and Cyprian's letters show that all the bishops in the Universal Church were designed to have equal authority under Jesus Christ.

QUOTATIONS
Pamphilus of Caesarea Maritima, who may have been a student of Firmillian, wrote about him,

...For instance, [there is] Dionysius, the bishop of Alexandria, and Firmilian of Cappadocia, those men of blessed name.  (Pamphilus of Caesarea Maritma.  AD 309.  ANF, 6.169.)
 

Thursday, March 19, 2015

Origen of Alexandria (Full Script)

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Origen of Alexandria
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Origen Adamantius was an overseer in Alexandria, Egypt and later in Caesarea, Palestine (also called Caesarea Maritima).  He wrote between AD 230-250.

Origen was a brilliant student of Clement of Alexandria.  He probably heard Hippolytus preach.  Firmilian, Gregory Thaumaturgus, and Dionysius of Alexandria were some of Origen's students.

LIFE
He grew up in a Christian home.  Origen's deep and difficult questions and curiosity led Leonides, his father, to rebuke him on a few occasions but he thanked God for the genius of his son.  At the start of the persecutions under Emperor Septimius Severus when Origen was 17 (AD 202), Leonides was imprisoned for his faith.  Origen decided to stand on trial with his father and die with him.  But before the trial, Origen's mother hid all his clothes so that he could not leave the house.  When Leonides was killed, the government took their land which left Origen, his mother, and his six brothers in need.  During this time of Christian persecution, Origen became famous in Alexandria because of the love he showed to the suffering Christians.

In order to support his family, Origen taught grammar and literature as a private tutor.  Even at his young age, he was regarded as so brilliant that pagan parents brought their children to be taught by him.  Many of these students became Christians because of Origen.  One of them, Heraclas, later became bishop of Alexandria.

According to Origen's student, Gregory Thaumaturgus, his evangelism style was one of theological and emotional persuasion rather than logical reasoning.

Clement of Alexandria was the head teacher of the catechetical school of new converts in Alexandria.  Because of the persecutions under Severus, he was forced to flee the city and continue the Lord's work elsewhere.  So when Origen was 18 years old (AD 203), Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, assigned Origen to be the new head teacher of the catechetical school.  In response, Origen sold his Greek books on credit in order to receive a small income.  Though he was head teacher, he refused all other income.  After he taught all day, he would study the Scriptures far into the night.

Years later, Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, became jealous of Origen's fame and expelled him from the city.  So he moved to Caesarea, Palestine and became an overseer there.

During the persecutions under Emperor Decius (AD 250-251), when Origen was around 65 years old, Origen was captured and tortured.  It appears that he was released, but the wounds inflicted upon him later killed him.

LEGACY
Origen was nothing short of a genius.  In order to respond to Jewish critics of Christianity, Origen became the first Gentile Christian to learn Hebrew.  Origen compiled the Hexapla, the first parallel Old Testament containing six versions.  It contained (1) the Hebrew, (2) the Secunda (which is a transliteration of the Hebrew into Koine Greek letters), (3) the Greek translation by Aquila of Sinope, (4) the Greek translation by Symmachus the Ebionite, (5) the Septuagint with his notes on where the Septuagint differs from the Hebrew, and (6) the Greek translation by Theodotion.  Origen gave a commentary on nearly every book of the New Testament.  Many people believe Origen produced more written works than any human before his time, either Christian or non-Christian.  These number more than 2000 works, written through dictation.  Origen was the first true Christian theologian.

But most importantly, Origen personified Jesus' teaching of the Christian life from the Sermon on the Mount.  He chose to live in poverty and treated both Christians and enemies with love and humility.

Origen said about Christianity,

You will observe the difference between the crowds, who simply "followed" Christ, and Peter and the others who "gave up everything and followed."  (Origen.  AD 248.  ANF, vol 9, page 505.)

CANONIZATION
Many people have heard that Origen was a heretic.  Was he?  He was not labeled a heretic during his lifetime.  Eusebius records that Origen was expelled from Alexandria because his bishop, Demetrius, was jealous of Origen's brilliance and fame.  Upon hearing of Origen's expulsion from Alexandria, the churches in Caesarea Palestine and Jerusalem wanted Origen to come be an overseer for their churches.  When Origen died, he was an overseer in good standing with the church.

It wasn't until about 300 years after his death at the Second Council of Constantinople (AD 553) when Emperor Justinian I and an assembly of church leaders declared a number of Origen's beliefs to be heretical.  Three of these probably included his beliefs about the pre-existence of souls (though he specifically taught against the transmigration of souls, that is, reincarnation), the eventual universal reconciliation of ALL beings, possibly including the devil (though after untold eons of repentance; now this is not to be confused with universal salvation, which is the belief that God will automatically save everyone), and the three ways to interpret Scripture--historical, moral, and spiritual (which correspond to our body, soul, and spirit).  Yes, Origen did believe these things and he was the only pre-Nicene Christian who wrote about them.  He even provided Scriptures to support them.  However, about the idea of universal reconciliation, he said that he inferred this from Scripture and that this belief is open for dispute.  After reading Origen’s arguments for these beliefs, though they are fascinating, I disagree with Origen on the first two and agree with him on the third.  But I don’t believe any of these beliefs make Origen a heretic at all.

Ever since the sixth century, there has existed a strong dislike of Origen, and this has caused a lot of misinformation about him to become popular over the following centuries.  For example, there is a belief that Origen corrupted many copies of the Scriptures.  This belief is usually similar to the following:

Origen corrupted many copies of the Scriptures to fit his personal beliefs, and these corrupted Scriptures became what we know today as the Alexandrian family of New Testament manuscripts [Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, 4th century manuscripts].   The true, uncorrupted Scriptures became the Byzantine family of New Testament manuscripts [also called the Majority Text; Textus Receptus].

Usually, this belief is held by those who use the King James Version to the exclusion of all other translations because the King James Version and the New King James Version were translated from the Byzantine family while nearly all other versions have been translated from the Alexandrian family.  Because the supporters of the King James Version dislike the Alexandrian family, they point to Origen of Alexandria as the one who corrupted the other NT manuscripts.

However, if one looks at Origen’s writings, one would see that Origen did not corrupt any Scripture.  In fact, when one examines the very few differences between the Alexandrian texts and the Byzantine texts, one would see that Origen tends to agree with the Byzantine more often!  Therefore, Origen's writings actually help support the Byzantine text and, thus, the King James Version.  How ironic that centuries of misinformation about Origen have caused many to accuse him of corrupting the Scriptures when, in fact, Origen is one of their biggest supporters.  So when someone accuses Origen of corrupting the Scriptures, this only proves that this person has not read Origen's writings.

Because of the misinformation about and dislike of Origen, as of today, not a single group of Christianity, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, or Anglicanism, has canonized, or honored, Origen or given him a feast day.  But because of Origen’s unquestionable genius, his innumerable contributions to the Lord’s church, and his unequaled commitment to Jesus Christ, it is my opinion that it is a great disservice not to give Origen the honor he deserves.


Timeline of Origen's Life
202.  Persecution which killed his dad.
203.  Assigned head of the Catechetical School.
211-212.  Traveled to Rome and saw Zephyrinus.
212.  Gives his student Plutarch authority over catechumens while Origen focused on exegesis and Hebrew.
212-213.  Origen converts Ambrose of Alexandria (a former Valentinian).
213-214.  Origen visits the prefect in Petra, Arabia.
214-215.  An Alexandrian uprising sends Ambrose to Caesarea.  Origen joins him and spends much time traveling and preaching in Caesarea.
216.  Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, calls Origen back.
218.  Ambrose pays for Origen's books and Origen dedicates all his works to Ambrose.
218-228.  Origen writes many, many commentaries on books of the Bible.
228.  Origen travels to Greece and Caesarea.  He is appointed as a presbyter in Caesarea.
230.  Origen returns to Alexandria.
231.  Demetrius's jealousy of Origen causes Origen to move to Caesarea.
235.  Origen flees Caesarea to Cappadocia because of persecution.  He is welcomed by Firmilian.
238.  Origen returns to Caesarea.
240.  Converts Beryllus, bishop of Bostra, from Gnosticism.  Spend much time defending his works with Fabian, bishop of Rome.
?.  Origen went to Arabia to battle the doctrine of soul sleep.
251.  Origen is captured during the Decian persecution and tortured.

254.  Origen dies from wounds.

Friday, January 23, 2015

Hippolytus of Rome (Full Script)

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Hippolytus
Post-Apostolic Church

INTRO
Hippolytus was an overseer in Rome and wrote around AD 225.

He was a student of Irenaeus.  He also learned much of his knowledge from the works of Justin Martyr, who had lived in Rome about 65 years before.  Origen probably heard Hippolytus teach.

LIFE
Hippolytus devotedly fought for the truth.  At one time, he opposed other overseers in Rome for too freely accepting pagan converts.  He accused one of the overseers of Monarchianism which is the belief that there is one God in one Person as opposed to the Three Persons of the Trinity.

Because of his Christian faith, Hippolytus was exiled by the Romans to Sardinia and died there.  It is said that while he was there with one of his fellow overseers whom he had opposed, he made amends with him and they died having been reconciled.

WORKS
Hippolytus wrote many, many works.  Like Irenaeus, his teacher, he compiled a massive work describing the heresies of his day.  Jerome's list of his writings is extremely long (Jerome, On Illustrious Men, chapter 61.  AD 400.  NPNF2, vol 3, page 375.)

STATUE
In 1551, a statue of a complete man was found in Rome.  Because of the inscriptions on it, there is no doubt that the statue is of Hippolytus.  As you watch the videos on this channel you may like or dislike the images used to represent the Early Christian writers.  That’s ok!  These images are probably not accurate likenesses of the ancient writers. However, if this statue was made while Hippolytus was alive, this is what he looked like.

QUOTATIONS
About the nature of God, Hippolytus wrote,


And the blessed John, in the testimony of his gospel, gives us an account of this economy [that is, nature of God] and acknowledge this Word as God, when he says, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God."  Then, if the Word was with God and was also God, what follows?  Would one say that he speaks of two Gods?  Indeed, I shall not speak of two Gods, but of one.  [I will speak of] two Persons, however, and of a third economy, that is, the grace of the Holy Spirit....  [5.2] The Father decrees, the Word executes, and the Son is manifested, through whom the Father is believed on.  The economy of harmony is led back to one God; for God is one.  It is the Father who commands, and the Son who obeys, and the Holy Spirit who gives understanding: the Father who is above all, and the Son who is through all, and the Holy Spirit who is in all.  (Hippolytus.  AD 225.  ANF, vol 5, page 228.)